Jurnal Ekonomi

Abstract

Infeksi Oportunistik (IO) merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas orang dengan HIV/
AIDS (ODHA) baik baik di negara maju maupun negara berkembang. Diperkirakan sekitar sepertiga
kematian ODHA dikarenakan Infeksi Oportunistik (IO).IO yang sering ditemukan di Indonesia meliputi
kandidiasis mulutesofagus 80,8%; tuberkulosis 40,1%; CMV 28,8%; ensefalitis toksoplasma 17,3%;
pneumonia Pneumocystis carinii (Ariani & Suryana, 2014). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan
gambaranpenyebab internal dan eksternal infeksi Oportunistikpada perempuan dengan HIV.Penelitian
ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam. Pemilihan informan ditetapkan secara
langsung dengan prinsip kesesuaian dan kecukupan. Sumber informasi meliputi:1 orang staf penanggung
jawab program HIV Puskesmas, 3 orang staff LSM yang mendampingi perempuan HIV di Jakarta Timur,
serta 5 orang perempuan HIV. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis kualitatif. Triaangulasi dilakukan
untuk menjamin validitas penelitian.Penelitian ini menunjukkanbahwa IO didominasi oleh Kandidiasis
oral, TB Paru, dermatitis, diare serta sebagian kecil toksoplasma. Faktor penyebab internal kejadian
Infeksi Oportunistik pada Perempuan HIV di Jakarta Timur yang berhasil diidentifkasi dalam penelitian
ini meliputirendahnya pengetahuan ODHAtentang IO,stress karena beban hidup, tidak menerima keadaan
dirinya sudah menderita HIV-AIDS, pola hidup tidak sehat dan teratur, ketidakdisiplinan berobat serta
rendahnya pengetahuan odha akan HIV dan dampaknyaberupaketerlambaant mengetahui IO.Faktor luar
yang berhasil diidentifkasi adalahstigma yang datang dari keluarga dekat dan lingkungan sekitar.Odha
dengan pola hidup tidak sehat dan rentan stress memiliki resiko lebih besar untuk mengalami IO

Download: Fullpaper

Abstract

Pada tahun 2016, Provinsi Jawa Barat dipilih oleh Kementerian Kesehatan RI menjadi salah satu dari
sembilan provinsi untuk program prioritas Indonesia Sehat dengan Pendekatan Keluarga (PIS-PK).
Dari 12 indikator PIS-PK, indikator ke-9, yaitu anggota keluarga tidak ada yang merokok, merupakan
indikator cakupan terendah di Kecamatan Ciampea Kabupaten Bogor Jawa Barat, yaitu sebesar 25,58%.
Melihat hal tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menggali lebih dalam perilaku merokok di Kecamatan
Ciampea. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain analisis kualitatif dan dilakukan pada bulan Oktober dan
November 2016. Dengan cara purposive sampling, informan yang terpilih adalah 4 orang anggota rumah
tangga (ART), 6 orang tokoh masyarakat, 5 orang kader kesehatan, 3 orang bidan desa, 2 orang petugas
Puskesmas, dan 2 orang Kepala Puskesmas. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode wawancara mendalam dan
diskusi kelompok terarah (Foccus Group Discussion/FGD). Analisis data dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari
reduksi data, penyajian data, penyusunan kesimpulan. Merokok merupakan hal yang lumrah dilakukan
di Kecamatan Ciampea. Sebagian besar dari mereka merupakan perokok sosial. Mereka merokok ketika
sedang berkumpul dengan lingkungan sekitarnya. Walaupun demikian, mereka telah mengetahui bahwa
terdapat peraturan terkait dengan larangan merokok.Warga Kecamatan Ciampea juga telah menyadari
bahwa merokok memiliki dampak buruk bagi kesehatan seperti terserang penyakit terkait pernapasan. Di
samping itu, mereka pun memahami bahwa merokok membawa pengaruh buruk bagi keadaan ekonomi
mereka. Merokok merupakan kebiasaan sehari-hari warga di Kecamatan Ciampea walaupun mereka telah
mengetahui larangan untuk merokok dan dampak buruknya.

Download: Fullpaper

Abstract

Keamanan makanan (food safety) adalah aspek penting keselamatan pasien dalam pelayanan gizi kepada
pasien di ruang perawatan. Kejadian Nyaris Cedera (KNC) dan Kejadian Tidak Diharapkan (KTD) pada
pelayanan gizi dapat berakibat kematian kepada pasien.Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan gambaran
pelaporan KNC dan KTD di suatu unit Instalasi Gizi di Rumah Sakit Ibu Anak, Jakarta.Disain penelitian
adalah epidemiologi deskriptif.Pengumpulan data melalui kuesioner yang diberikan kepada seluruh
karyawan suatu Instalasi Gizi Rumah Sakit Ibu Anaksejumlah 35 orang pada tahun 2014. Analisis data
dilakukan secara deskriptif. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 46 % pegawai Instalasi Gizi RS Xyang
melaporkan pernah melakukan KNC/KTD.Untuk faktor manusia, kejadian KNC dan KTD dilaporkan oleh
sebagaian besar pegawai dengan kompetensi tinggi (81,2%), pendidikan terakhir D3/S1 (56,2 %), beban
kerja berat (56,2 %), sikap kurang baik (56,2 %), dan motivasi tinggi (68,7%). Sementara tidak ada perbedaan
proporsi kelompok pegawai dengan masa kerja kurang atau lebih dari 5 tahun dalam melaporkan kejadian
KNC dan KTD. Untuk faktor organisasi/manajemen, kelompok pegawai yang melaporkan terjadinya
KNC dan KTD merupakan kelompok pegawai yang menilai kepemimpinan yang kurang baik (56,2%),
kondisi kebijakan/prosedur yang ada sudah sesuai (75,0%), kerjasama tim yang kurang baik (56,2%), dan
komunikasi yang baik (68,7%). Sementara tidak ada perbedaan proporsi pelaporan kejadian KNC/KTD
dari sisi variabel peralatan dan lingkungan fsik. Kejadian KNC/KTD dilaporkan oleh pegawai dengan
kompetensi tinggi, pendidikan terakhir D3/S1, dengan beban kerja berat, sikap kurang baik, motivasi
tinggi, kepemimpinan kurang baik, dan komunikasi yang baik.

Download: Fullpaper

Abstract

Kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan di Puskesmas dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor. Tujuan penelitian
ini adalah diketahuinya hubungan karakteristik keluarga dengan kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan
pemeriksaan pada poli klinik umum, gigi, KIA/KB, dan apotik di Puskesmas Kecamatan Cibeber,
Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain studi cross sectional analitik. Populasi
pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh pasien yang datang berobat kemasing-masing poliklinik dan apotik
di Puskesmas Kecamatan Cibeber pada tahun 2011. Adapun sampel penelitian berjumlah 210 orang.
Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan dengan wawancara kepada sampel terpilih menggunakan kuesioner.
Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan komputer, dan análisis data dengan dua tahap yaitu análisis univariat
dan análisis bivariat. Pada bagian Poliklinik Umum, pasien yang statusnya sebagai kepala keluarga lebih
berpeluang 6 kali tidak puas pada pelayanannya (CI 95%: 2,79 – 11,18). Sedangkan pasien laki-laki lebih
berpeluang 11 kali tidak puas pada pelayanan Poliklinik gigi (CI 95%: (5.28 – 24.15). Pada pasien yang
berstatus sebagai kepala keluarga berpeluang 9 kali tidak puas pada pelayanan Poliklinik KIA/KB (CI 95%:
3.29 – 23.63) dan pada pasien yang berpenghasilan keluarga lebih dari Rp. 810.500/bulan lebih berpeluang
7 kali tidak puas pada pelayanan di Apotik (CI 95%: 2.42 – 20.70). Penelitian ini merekomendasikan
kepada puskesmas agar petugas kesehatan perlu memperbaiki kualitas pelayanan dengan cara meningkatkan
keterampilan teknis dalam memeriksa pasien, meningkatkan pelayanan yang lebih ramah kepada pasien,
serta tidak membiarkan pasien menunggu terlalu lama untuk mendapatkan pemeriksaan

Download: Fullpaper

Abstract

Determinants of Drug Abuse Among Adolescents in 24 Senior High School Jakarta 

Introduction. The number of drug abuse in adolescents has increased dramatically. Survey conducted in
2006 and 2009 shows pattern that drug abuse risk in big city is higher rather than in small city. It is also
identified that the risk level of drug abuse in adolescents is different from one to another. The differences
are caused by several factors. This study aims to determine some factors believed to have association
with the risk of drug abuse in adolescents in 24 Senior High School, Jakarta.
Methods. This study is a quantitative analytical research using cross sectional design. Location of the
study was in 24 Senior High School, Jakarta. Research was conducted during March – August 2016.
Population of this study was all student grade 10 and 11 in 24 Senior High School, Jakarta which is 350
students. Variable dependent in this study is drug abuse risk and independent variables are individual,
drug and environment characteristic. Sampling was chosen using proportional stratified random
sampling. The total sample was 91 people. Data analysis was using uni variate and bivariate analysis.
Resulst. The results showed from 8 variables, only 6 variables that have relationship with the risk of drug
abuse in teenagers / students. Those variables are drug factors; availability (p value = 0.000 PR = 2,5
95% CI 1566-3909), and the ease of getting drugs (p value = 0,009 PR = 1,7 95% CI 1114-2437),
individual factors; gender (p value = 0,000 PR = 2,6 95% CI 0626-4218), and knowledge (p value =
0048 PR = 1,5 95% CI 0966-2340), environmental factors; family (p value = 0.003 PR = 1,8 95% CI
1174-2739), and friends (association) (p value = 0,000 PR = 2,4 95% CI 1512-3647).
Conclusions. Variables that have relationship with the risk of drug abuse are drug factors (availability,
the ease of getting drugs) individual factors (gender, knowladge) and environment factors (family, friend)

Download: Fullpaper

Abstract

Determination of Neonatal Death in Low Birth Weight Infants in Indonesia 

(Data Analysis of IDHS 2002-2003 and 2007)

Introduction. There were 72.4% infants with less than 2.500 grams Low Birth Weight (LBW) babies died
in their neonatal period in Indonesia. An understanding of all factors that influenced the neonatal death
is important. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify factors of LBW neonatal death between 1997
and 2007.
Methods. Based on 2002-2003 and 2007 Indonesia Demographic Health Survey, 1,232 LBW babies are
selected. The design of study was cohort prospectif with cox proportional hazard analysis to measure the
relationship between neonatal death and its determinants maternal, infant, health care, and mother’s
social demographic.
Resuls. After controlling all the variables, the result showed that neonatal death in LBW babies
deteriminants are immediate breastfeeding, birth weight, sex, the term of birth, complications during
pregnancy, delivery complications, birth attendance, type of delivery, place of delivery, wealth index, and
mother’s education. Variable that showed strongest risk association is complications during pregnancy
with HR = 4.12 (95 % CI : 0.64- 26,65; p value = 0.307). Meanwhile, the strongest of protective
association is middle class on wealth index variable.
Conclusions. The study concluded that birth weight influences the incidence of neonatal death.
Determinant that have the greatest effect on neonatal death is complications during pregnacy. Infants
who born from middle-class economic categories are the most protective factor to avoid neonatal deaths
among other wealth indexes.

Download: Fullpaper

Abstract

Washing Hand Behavior Using Soap Among Mothers’ of Underfive Children at Kampung Nelayan
Muara Angke, Jakarta Utara. A Qualitative Study
Introduction. The result of Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) showed the low prevalence of washing hand
using soap at five critical important times.
Objective. This study was aimed at gathering indepth information regarding the behavior as well as its
supporting factors and obstacles among mothers of underfive years old children living at a fishing village
Muara Angke, North Jakarta.
Methods. The study employed qualitative approached and used purposive technique to got 5 informants
mothers of underfive years old childern, one informant from fishermen group and one puskesmas’ staff. Steps
in analyzing data consist of reducing data, presenting data, dan setting a conclusion.
Results. Household mother informants aged 25-35 tahun, have highschool level of education. Family with
monthly income above Rp 3.000.000,00 installed pipewater fasilities. There is no public water fascilities
could be used for washing hand, The Puskesmas had not conducted a PHBS campaign and public training.
Most household informants comprehended what is and benefit of washing hand with soap, diseases could be
provoke by washing hand without soap; some mothers could state the critical important time to wash hand
with soap; yet most of them could not state the steps and proper technique of healthy washing hand. The
attitude of informants toward washing hand was positive. Most informants report that they did not always
washing hand with soap at 5 critical times recommended and that their acts of washing hand were improper.
Conclutions. With positive knowledge on and attitude toward washing hand with soap, the habit of proper
washing of mothers could be improve through training and reduce the obstacle.

Download: Fullpaper

Abstract

Knowledge Improvement of Posyandu Cadres in Lactation Management Through Lecture Method
in Rangkapan Jaya Village, Pancoran Mas Sub-district, Depok City

Introduction : Mother’s Milk is the first food for babies and provides energy and nutrients not only for
the first six months of life but also up to two years of age. Breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways
to ensure the health and survival of the child. Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2012 states that
the exclusive breastfeeding rate was 42% in Indonesia, 33.7% in West Java, and 61.36% in Depok City.
This numbers need to be improved. One way is through health cadres in Posyandu as the front guard to
improve public health status. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of lecture methods with such
tools in improving knowledge about lactation management.
Methods : The subjects of this study were 24 health cadres at four posyandu in Rangkapan Jaya Village
Pancoran Mas Sub-district Depok City. This type of research is quasi experimental with pre-test and
post-test design.
Results : The results showed that 87.5% of respondents had improved knowledge after training with
lecture and demonstration methods with props and emo-demo techniques. The average pre-test score was
85.88 and post-test score was 91.08. Respondents who had a range of knowledge score 90-100 were
higher on post-test result (62.5%) than pre-test result (29.2%). The results of statistical tests showed that
there was difference of cadres knowledge between before and after being given lactation management
training through lecture and demonstration methods with props and emo-demo techniques (p = 0.004).
Conclusions : The results showed that 87.5% of respondents had improved knowledge after training with
lecture and demonstration methods with props and emo-demo techniques. The results of statistical tests
indicate that the methods performed effectively increase the knowledge of health cadres. Continuing
education for posyandu health cadres through lecture and demontration methods with props and emodemo
techniques can bean option.

Download: Fullpaper

Abstract

Factors Associated with Retained Placenta (Retensio Placenta) Case in Cempaka Putih Jakarta Islamic Hospital: A Case Control Study
Introduction. Retained placenta can cause life-threatening because it relates with bleeding and infection due to
retained placenta complication. Various factors such as age, paritas, history of birth complications, pregnancies
interval, and some other factor can affect the occurrence of retained placenta. This study aimed to determine the
factors associated with the incidence of retained placenta at Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta Cempaka Putih in 20102016.

Methods.

This study was a quantitative study with case-control design. It was conducted in Rumah Sakit Islam
Jakarta Cempaka Putih and data collection conducted in November 2016. Population in case group was all woman
who deliver with retained placenta case and population in control group was all women who deliver without
retained placenta case during 2010 – 2016. The number of samples in this study are 84 people who qualified the
inclusion criteria of this study whereas 42 respondents as a control group and 42 respondents as a case group. Data
collection conducted by viewing secondary data which is medical record. The data from medical record includes
patient identity, age, education, parity, distance of pregnancy, anemia status and complication history. The data
analysis used an univariat and bivariat analysis (Chi-square test).
Results. Respondent proportion on the case group mostly aged no-risk (81%), had high education (66,7%), had
parity no-risk (92,9%), had pregnancies interval no-risk (57,1%), had anemia (59,5%) and had no history of birth
complication (61,9%). There is correlation between the retained placenta with education (p value 0,003) and
anemia status (Pvalue 0,049).
Conclusions. The result showed there was a correlation between the incidence of retensia placenta with the level of
education (p value = 0,003) in addition, there is also a relationship between the incidence of retensia placenta with
anemia status (p value = 0,049).

Download: Fullpaper

Abstract

Counseling Impact on Increasing Adolescent Reproductive Health Knowledge
of UHAMKA Student Counseling and Knowledge Center’s Member
Introduction. Peer educator takes an important role considering most of adolescent getting reproductive
health information from their peers. PIK M HERO is a group organized from, by and for undergraduate
student in UHAMKA who has assignment to give an information and counseling regarding population
and family planning. To improve managerial aspect and services of PIK M HERO, it is necessary to
conduct the training for PIK M HERO member. This study aimed to determine knowledge difference of
PIK M HERO member before and after education program.
Methods. This study was analytic research using one group pretest-posttest design. The study began with
filling out the questionnaire (pretest), then researchers conducted education for respondents then
respondents filled out the same questionnaire (posttest). The research was conducted on 25 students of
PIK M UHAMKA member whereas total sampling method has been used. Bivariate analysis was
conducted to determine the effect of health education on the level of respondent knowledge about
reproductive health. Data were tested using paired t test and Wilcoxon test.
Results. The average score knowledge of respondent before being given education is 66.4 which was
categorically 64% on the low score and 36% on the high score categoric. After given education, average
score becomed 82,56 whereas categorically 68% has a high score categoric and 32% has a low score
categoric. Statistic test show that there was a kwowledge score difference before and after given
education (p value = 0.001). Thus counseling was effective in gaining respondent knowledge about
reproductive health.

Download: Fullpaper